Ben Johnson as the Wagon Master

Wagon Master blogging

for

The John Ford Blogathon,

essay 2 of 6

Ben Johnson, Cowboy

Ben Johnson with his horse
Steel in a RKO publicity still
for Wagon Master (1950).

Much like a wagon master himself, actor Ben Johnson sets the pace of Wagon Master (1950).  He confidently nudges the movie along, knowing it’s headed in the general right direction and content to let it take its unhurried time getting there.  There isn’t much talk.  Scenes develop naturally.  The mood is amply generous, good humored, and polite.  When Travis Blue (Ben Johnson) rescues a man who falls from his horse during a stampede, the man responds, “Thank you kindly, brother.”  Travis replies:  “You’re welcome.”  It’s a rare movie that minds its manners even in the midst of a major action scene!

Johnson was 31 when Wagon Master was filmed in the fall of 1949.  He had successfully handled only one leading role and that was in Mighty Joe Young (1949), where he was really a supporting actor to a stop-motion animated gorilla named Joe.  But to the extent that Mighty Joe Young is a reworking of King Kong (1933), Johnson’s romantic lead is the only element in the film that really improves upon Kong.  While Bruce Cabot brought some believability to his comparable sailor role in Kong, he was a little out of his depth in the love scenes.  In Mighty Joe Young, Johnson projects confidence whether on his horse, interacting with Joe, or playing the love scenes.

Ben Johnson playing second banana to a gorilla with
a banana.  Terry Moore, Ben Johnson, and Joe Young
in Mighty Joe Young (1949).

To some degree, Johnson’s role in Mighty Joe Young wasn’t much of a stretch.  He essentially plays himself—a professional horseman and rodeo enthusiast flirting with show business.  He had arrived in Hollywood in 1940 at the age of 21, first working with Howard Hughes on The Outlaw and then gaining experience as a freelance stuntman.  His riding expertise was his calling card.  Westerns were popular and he made good money.

John Ford signed him to a contract with his own production company Argosy Pictures in 1947.  For Argosy, Johnson starred in Mighty Joe Young (directed by Ernest Schoedsack) and then played a memorable supporting role in John Ford’s She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949).  Wagon Master came next.  He was a player on the cusp of stardom, untutored in the fine points of acting but possessing a natural talent.  John Wayne had gone far with comparable gifts as had many others.

Ben Johnson and his horse Steel
in Wagon Master (1950).

Working together, John Ford and Ben Johnson kept it real, with Ford allowing Johnson’s low-key authenticity to resonate on the screen.  Many stars didn’t like the way Ford mercilessly cut dialogue, but Johnson didn’t mind.  Most stars didn’t do their own stunts, but out on location on the high deserts of Utah, Ford relied upon Johnson to do all his own stunts.  As Ford knew, the viewer can see the difference.  No other stuntman could ride a horse like Ben Johnson.

Ultimately, Johnson’s thoughtful performance is the single strongest element in Wagon Master, one of Ford’s greatest movies.  It would have been nice if it had catapulted Johnson into full-fledged stardom.  But when Wagon Master failed to register at the box office, Johnson took it in stride, slowly building a career as one of the most respected supporting actors in the business.  Johnson was fine with the way things turned out.  He never liked handling all that dialogue anyway.  He’d rather be out riding.

Doing Honest Business in Wagon Master

While it may look like they're just whittling, Ben Johnson
and Ward Bond are actually negotiating business
in this scene from Wagon Master (1950).

Follow the money:

Ben Johnson does the math as the
two cowboys ride into Crystal City
in the opening scene of John Ford's
Wagon Master (1950).

1. The Goal:  In Wagon Master, Travis Blue (Ben Johnson) is the smart one and his partner Sandy Owens (Harry Carey, Jr.) is something of a hayseed.  In their first scene, they discuss how much they’ll earn for the horses they hope to sell.  Sandy figures that 12 horses at $30 a head will get them $340.  Travis corrects him:

$30 x 12 = $360 to be split between them ($180 apiece)

But Travis reminds Sandy of $20 that he owes him.  Therefore:

Sandy can count on $160, and Travis will get $200.

This is fine with Sandy, and he seems happy to have someone else doing the hard work of math for him.

Ten coins for a horse, dropped in the hat
by the town's marshal.

2. Business in Town:  Arriving in town, Travis sells a horse to the marshal for $10.  We can assume this is largely for political reasons.  The figure is significantly less than the $30 per head that Travis had anticipated but it keeps them in town and in business.

When the leader of the Mormons, Elder Wiggs (Ward Bond), asks how much for the horses, Travis says $50 a head (the whittling scene shown above).  That’s:

11 remaining horses x $50 = $550.

Travis and Sandy are back in business.  But Elder Wiggs is only interested in purchasing the horses if the two agree to sign on to their wagon train to lead them to their new home.  He offers an additional $100 for wagon master duty.  Travis is non-committal.

3. Goal Achieved:  A scene later when Travis belatedly accepts Elder Wiggs’ offer, he asks for $450 silver dollars due when they reach the San Juan River Valley.  Elder Wiggs shakes his hand and it’s a deal.

The business deal, sealed with a handshake.

If we assume that Travis and Sandy are still getting $100 for leading the wagon train, that leaves $350 for the horses.  Count in the $10 paid by the marshal, and you’ll see that Travis estimated correctly in the beginning:  They’ll be getting $360 for the horses.

Elder Wiggs thinks he got the best of the deal and Travis got what he thought was a fair deal for the horses all along.

That’s how friendly business is conducted in the old west of Wagon Master.

(A less sympathetic reading could be that Travis miscalculates and thereby loses $200 from the original offer by Elder Wiggs.  But I prefer to think that Travis always considered $30 a head to be the fair price and he wasn’t out to cheat anyone.)

Song of the Wagon Master

For the Wagon Master premieres, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr., and songwriter Stan Jones traveled to targeted cities.  According to The Nicest Fella by Richard D. Jensen, the trio appeared at the Oklahoma premiere of Wagon Master on August 20, 1950 and performed a sing-along before the movie.  I assume they sang “Song of the Wagon Master,” as it’s the song that Travis and Sandy briefly sing together in the movie (and reprise just seconds before the final credits, joined by Ward Bond).

On the DVD commentary, Carey recalls that Johnson was particularly fond of his singing talent, boasting that he “sang like a young robin.”  Carey enjoyed singing, too.  Looking back on their promotional appearances, Carey said, “That was a terrific trip.”

I left my gal in West Virginny

Fell in ’hind the wagon train

Another I left in old Kentucky

Fell in ’hind the wagon train

I left my gal in Indiana

Fell in ’hind the wagon train

Another I left in old Missouri

Fell in ’hind the wagon train

Oh, the white tops are a-rollin’, rollin’

The big wheels keep on turnin’, turnin’

And when I reach that promised land

For my gal I’ll still be yearning.

(Note:  To reflect the movie’s final romantic pairings, the last chorus of the movie changes the last two lines to:  “There’s a new little gal in the promised land/ Already I’m a yearnin’.”)

Harry Carey, Jr. and Ben Johnson sing two verses of
"Song of the Wagon Master" as they agree to sign on
for wagon master duty.

Special thanks to Paula Vitaris who manages the Ben Johnson Fan Page for generously sharing screen captures and providing valuable background information and insight! 

Reference Sources

Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford by Scott Eyman

About John Ford by Lindsay Anderson

John Ford: The Man and His Films by Ted Gallagher

The Nicest Fella: The Life of Ben Johnson by Richard D. Jensen

Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company by Harry Carey Jr.

Lest We Forget: The John Ford Stock Company by Bill Levy

Music in the Western: Notes from the Frontier, edited by Kathryn Kalinak (essay “John Ford, Walt Disney, and Sons of the Pioneers” by Ross Care)

When Hollywood Came to Town:  A History of Movie Making in Utah by James D’Arc

Wagon Master Warner Home Video DVD commentary by Harry Carey Jr. and Peter Bogdanovich

Watch Wagon Master...

Purchase the Wagon Master DVD at Amazon or Barnes & Noble.

Rent Wagon Master at Netflix or other rental service.

© 2014 Lee Price

Wagon Master (1950): Be Gentle Now

Wagon Master blogging

for

The John Ford Blogathon,

essay 1 of 6

Wagon Master:  Uncle Jack’s Favorite

“Uncle Jack (director John Ford) always said Wagon Master was his favorite picture.  I think The Searchers was his best film, but Wagon Master was the most joyful.  The entire filming was done in a spirit of friendliness, every member of the company doing their best.  One month of total unity and happiness—that was Wagon Master.”

from Company of Heroes,

a memoir by Harry Carey, Jr.

I think the high spirits of the film crew infuse the whole film of Wagon Master (1950).  Juggling plot elements that he had played with for years, Ford strategically placed them in new contexts.  He dropped the earthy heroics of John Wayne and the steely idealism of Henry Fonda for a rambling folksiness more akin to his earlier work with western star Harry Carey (father of Harry Carey, Jr.) and Will Rogers.  “Be gentle now,” the words of Ben Johnson to the horses, become an appropriate refrain throughout the movie.

This laid-back spirit manifests itself in scene after scene, detail upon detail.  It creates an unusual tone of acceptance, tolerance, and generosity—one of the most humanistic of Hollywood’s westerns.

From a wealth of delights, here are ten moments in Wagon Master that are always guaranteed to make me smile:

1. Friendship:  Our two lead cowboys, Travis Blue (Ben Johnson) and Sandy Owens (Harry Carey, Jr.) climb over the fence with near-perfect choreography, like Gene Kelly and Donald O’Connor on the prairie.  Their in-synch movements silently communicate their close friendship.

Ben Johnson and Harry Carey, Jr. completely in-synch.

2. Visual splendor:  It’s hard to select a single shot to praise the beauty of the Moab Valley, but the one below has an appropriate grandeur to serve as an example.  Ben Johnson, Ward Bond, and Harry Carey, Jr. are in the foreground, with the Colorado River and the sandstone bluffs that comprise the southern border of Arches National Park in the background.  Taking a break from his usual iconic western location of Monument Valley, Ford completely embraced Utah’s Moab Valley, later writing to the local Chamber of Commerce, “I have never known a troupe to enjoy a location so much.”

Ben Johnson, Ward Bond, Harry Carey, Jr., and scenic beauty.

3. Romance:  Harry Carey, Jr. remembered that Ford didn’t enjoy filming love scenes, but maybe it was just the romantic dialogue that Ford objected to.  In the background of numerous scenes, Carey and Kathleen O’Malley carry on a constant flirtation.  The shot below is where it begins.  On the left side of the screen, Ben Johnson talks business.  On the right side of the screen, Carey’s full attention is fixed on O’Malley.

On the right, Carey's attention is not focused on business.

4. Authenticity:  Ben Johnson gets a love story of his own through his romance with Joanne Dru.  In the DVD commentary, Carey marvels that “Ben was such a natural actor.”  His line readings are uniquely his own, graced with an ironic and gentle cowboy wit.  Johnson didn’t enjoy dialogue and neither did Ford, so they pared his lines to the basics.  My favorite Johnson reading of a line is when he says, “Sandy, I think I’ll go a-courtin’” before riding off to propose to Dru.

Ben Johnson goes a-courtin' Joanne Dru.

5. Nonviolence:  In other Ford westerns featuring Indians, there’s generally a large Indian death count as the cavalry guns them down.  Not in Wagon Master.  While the initial encounter with the Indians is a stock moment, the narrative moves toward mutual respect rather than confrontation.  Understanding is established between the cultures and the Indians generously offer hospitality.  The guns don’t go off.

The respectful collision of cultures.

6. Respect:  While Ford once said, “My sympathy was always with the Indians,” his attitude was often better expressed in his conduct off-screen rather than the scenes he placed on-screen.  He established a long-term friendship with Navajo Indians in Monument Valley and used them as part of his stock company of actors.  But they tended to be cast as Apaches or Comanche rather than as Navajo.  For the only time in a Ford movie, the Navajo Indians in Wagon Master are allowed to act Navajo and speak Navajo.

Lee Brady, a Navajo, as the leader of the Navajo band.

7. Comedy:  When Ford was casting Kathleen O’Malley, he asked her what she’d been doing lately.  “Working with the Three Stooges,” she replied.  Ford approved.  “Well, that’s very good training,” he said and gave her the role.  There are numerous instances of slapstick humor throughout the movie.  My favorite occurs at a very tense moment as the wagon train leaders lie to a posse about the presence of outlaws among them.  Knowing the outlaws must maintain complete silence, Ben Johnson casually wallops one of them with a side of bacon.  It’s a good Three Stooges moment.

Bacon vs. gun.  The slab of bacon wins this round.

8. Art:  Ford famously claimed that he was just a director of westerns, rarely admitting to a knowledge of the artier filmmakers of his day.  But he was a dedicated student of F.W. Murnau and familiar with Danish filmmaker Carl Dreyer, too.  In Scott Eyman’s Ford biography Print the Legend, a close friend recalls how Ford watched Dreyer’s silent masterwork The Passion of Joan of Arc, claimed to be unimpressed, and then snuck back the next day to watch it again.  Check out the image below from Wagon Master.  It’s Dreyer in the old west.

An austere Ford composition:  The pioneer women at the Indian camp.

9. The Journey:  I love the way that Wagon Master stumbles at the end, unable to deliver on a climax to the journey.  The Mormons are explicitly traveling to the Promised Land and they do reach it—we see their faces glowing with joy.  But we don’t see them enter the Promised Land and we never clearly see what they’re seeing.  Instead, Ford retreats into flashbacks of the journey itself.  Finally, he settles on a metaphorical shot to close the movie—a colt scrambling up a river bank after a hard river crossing.  It makes sense in the context of a movie where life is never about arriving at a destination… life is what happens when you’re on the journey.

Last shot of the movie:  A colt scrambles up the bank.

10. Horses and real estate:  As John Ford once lectured screenwriters Frank Nugent and Laurence Stallings, “… a running horse remains the finest subject for a motion picture camera.  Now forget this dialogue stuff and give me some horses and real estate.”  Wagon Master abounds in horses and real estate.  And it’s got the best horseman of its day, Ben Johnson, front and center, doing what he did best—riding horses.

Ben Johnson on a Horse

Ben Johnson
on his horse Steel.

“He can ride a horse, boy, oh boy, oh boy…” Harry Carey, Jr. muses on the Wagon Master DVD commentary.

A skilled rider himself, Carey remained in awe of Johnson’s skill.  After watching Ben Johnson gracefully vault onto his horse bareback, Carey said on the commentary that, “I never learned how to do that.”  Peter Bogdanovich:  “How did he do that?”  Carey:  “I don’t know.  He did it so easily.  He was a great athlete.”

Well, this is how you do it, as we look at Ben Johnson mounting his horse Steel:

Ben Johnson makes it look easy.

Johnson’s left leg by the horse’s front left leg, his left hand reassuringly steady on horse’s chest, and right hand gently on mane.  His weight shifts to his left side, and he swings his right leg…

Higher…

Higher…  He leans in low over the horse as he goes airborne.  He makes sure the horse know where he is at all times.

Johnson settles on, releasing his left hand.  If you do it just right, like this, the horse will barely notice.

He steadies himself with his hands, providing constant reassurance to the horse.  And off he goes.

Ben Johnson was a real cowboy.  He could ride like the wind.  In the shot below, pursued by Indians, Johnson is riding the stunt horse Bingo.  On the commentary, Carey remembers, “(Ford) loved to watch him ride.”

Ben Johnson rides in a classic Ford composition.

The Chuckwalla Swing

RKO publicity still from Wagon Master (1950).

Four Stan Jones songs are prominently featured in Wagon Master.  “Chuckwalla Swing” is the most light-hearted.  It’s associated with the two young cowboys, Travis Blue and Sandy Owens, and also anchors the movie’s central scene of community formation (a running theme in Ford movies)—the square dance.  The tune is played at the start of the dance scene on pioneer instruments, the Sons of the Pioneers sing the main version, and composer Richard Hageman inserts the melody into the score on several occasions.

Sonoran chuckwalla,
photo by Azhikerdude,
from Wikimedia Commons.

Way out west there’s a dance that’s being done

The chuckwallas do it so it must be lots of fun.

All around the floor you can beat and swing

And listen to the music as they gaily sing:

You put your arm around her and you swing her round the floor

When you do it once then you’ll want to do it more,

High on your toes now then clap your heels

You’ll know just how the chuckwalla feels.

Right foot, left foot, clap and sing

Swing all around and do it all again.

Chuckwalla, chuckwalla, chuckwalla swing

We’ll dance till the floors and the rafters ring.

Reference Sources

Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford by Scott Eyman

About John Ford by Lindsay Anderson

John Ford: The Man and His Films by Ted Gallagher

The Nicest Fella: The Life of Ben Johnson by Richard D. Jensen

Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company by Harry Carey Jr.

Lest We Forget: The John Ford Stock Company by Bill Levy

Music in the Western: Notes from the Frontier, edited by Kathryn Kalinak (essay “John Ford, Walt Disney, and Sons of the Pioneers” by Ross Care)

When Hollywood Came to Town:  A History of Movie Making in Utah by James D’Arc

Wagon Master Warner Home Video DVD commentary by Harry Carey Jr. and Peter Bogdanovich

Watch Wagon Master...

Purchase the Wagon Master DVD at Amazon or Barnes & Noble.

Rent Wagon Master at Netflix or other rental service.

© 2014 Lee Price